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Arman buys a house and lot from Zia, who presents herself as the owner and signs a deed of sale with a title in Zia’s name. After transfer and registration, it is discovered that Zia held only a life estate and had no authority to convey the fee, and the title presented by Zia was derived from a prior fraudulent transfer. Arman now argues that his lack of knowledge about Zia’s true status should excuse him under Article 3 of the Civil Code. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine and its scope. (b) Distinguish ignorance of the law from ignorance of the facts in the land-transaction context. (c) Apply the rule to the facts and state whether the sale is valid or void and what remedies Arman may have.