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Ken, a Filipino buyer, purchases Lot 12 from Mila, who presents herself as the owner and signs a deed of sale with a title certificate in Mila’s name. After the transfer and registration, it is revealed that Mila never owned Lot 12 and had no authority to sell it; the title Mila showed was forged in Mila’s name. Ken now invokes Article 3 of the Civil Code, arguing that his lack of knowledge about Mila’s true status should excuse him. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine and its scope. (b) Distinguish ignorance of the law from ignorance of the facts in a land-transaction context. (c) Apply the rule to the facts and state whether the sale is valid or void and what remedies Ken may have.