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In a sale of land, Aris buys Lot 11 from Benjo, who presents himself as owner and signs a deed of sale supported by a title certificate in Benjo’s name. After transfer and registration, it is discovered that Benjo never owned Lot 11 and had no authority to sell; the title shown by Benjo was forged. Aris now invokes Article 3 of the Civil Code, arguing that his lack of knowledge about Benjo’s true status should excuse him. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine and its scope. (b) Distinguish ignorance of the law from ignorance of the facts in a land-transaction context. (c) Apply the rule to the facts and state whether the sale is valid or void and what remedies Aris may have.