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Facts: A Filipino citizen, Mia, commits theft in Tokyo, Japan. She later returns to the Philippines and is charged there for the same act. (a) State the controlling doctrine on the territorial reach of Philippine penal laws. (b) For Mia’s act committed abroad, explain whether Philippine penal law may apply to punish her, and what limits or conditions attach to any extraterritorial application. (c) If the act had been committed in Manila, explain whether Philippine penal law would apply and why. Answer with the central doctrine and apply it to each scenario.