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Facts: A Filipino citizen, Mia, commits theft in Tokyo, Japan. She later returns to the Philippines and is charged th...

...citizen, Mia, commits theft in Tokyo, Japan. She later returns to the Philippines and is charged there for the same act. (a) State the controlling doctrine on the territorial reach of Philippine penal laws. (b) For Mia’s...

Citations: Revised Penal Code (Act No. 3815), Article 14 (Territoriality of Penal Laws), Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 14 (NCC) – context for territorial application in related civil framework (where relevant to the doctrine), Supreme Court rulings interpreting territoriality and extraterritorial application of penal laws (as relied upon in standard bar review materials)

Facts: A Filipino passenger on board a Philippine-registered commercial airliner commits theft from another passenger...

Facts: A Filipino passenger on board a Philippine-registered commercial airliner commits theft from another passenger while the aircraft is en route over international waters. The aircraft later lands in Manila, where th...

On board a Philippine-flagged vessel in international waters, a Filipino passenger commits theft from another passeng...

On board a Philippine-flagged vessel in international waters, a Filipino passenger commits theft from another passenger. The vessel later arrives in Manila, where the passenger is prosecuted in the Philippines for the sa...

(a) Identify the Operative Fact Doctrine and state the controlling rule governing acts performed under a repealed or...

...peal survive—remains the sole driver of the answer. Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 7, Operative Fact Doctrine (principle recognized in Philippine jurisprudence regarding repeal of land registration laws)

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 7, Operative Fact Doctrine (principle recognized in Philippine jurisprudence regarding repeal of land registration laws)

Art. 5 of the Civil Code classifies certain rules as mandatory or prohibitory. A privately drafted deed purporting to...

...ne? This flashcard tests the core doctrine that mandatory/prohibitory laws cannot be contracted away and that the formalities for real-property transfers are a central, non-waivable rule. The scenario with private instru...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 5 (on mandatory and prohibitory laws); Civil Code provisions on the formal requirements for transfers of immovable property (public instrument).

A and B are neighbors who own a parcel of land adjoining a public road. A orally agrees to sell to B and the parties...

A and B are neighbors who own a parcel of land adjoining a public road. A orally agrees to sell to B and the parties execute a private instrument of sale, which is not a public instrument and is not registered. B has...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 5

An Act titled the Land Titles Modernization Act (LTMA) was enacted on December 1, 2023 and published in the Official...

...gle core issue with a clear, concrete fact pattern. Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2

An Act titled the National Land Registry Modernization Act (NLRMA) was enacted on November 20, 2025 and published in...

...he effective date, within the land titling context. Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 2

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 2

On March 2, 2014, A sold Lot 12 to B by private deed; the deed was not registered. On June 15, 2023, the Legislature...

...gistration. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine on retroactivity of laws under the Civil Code and state the effect of Article 4 on this statute. (b) Decide whether RLTA’s retroactivity clauses apply to pending applicat...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 4

On May 20, 2011, Ramon executed a private deed transferring a parcel of land to Maya; the deed was notarized but not...

...gistration. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine on retroactivity of laws under the Civil Code and state the effect of Article 4 on this statute. (b) Decide whether the RPTA’s retroactivity clauses apply to pending appl...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 4, Lawphil

On September 9, 2018, Paolo sold Lot X to Lena by a private deed of sale; the deed was notarized but not registered....

...gistration. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine on retroactivity of laws under the Civil Code and state the effect of Article 4 on this statute. (b) Decide whether the RLTA's retroactivity clauses apply to pending appl...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 4

An Act titled the Comprehensive Land Records Modernization Act (CLRMA) was enacted on September 1, 2028 and published...

...by date, and prompts a precise, rule-based answer. Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 2

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 2

An Act titled the Digital Land Registry Modernization Act (DLRMA) was enacted on June 10, 2025 and published in the O...

...enario in land titling, avoiding extraneous issues. Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 2

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 2

An Act titled the Digital Land Registry Regulation (DLRR) was enacted on August 20, 2024 and published in the Officia...

...ns without replicating earlier question structures. Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2

An Act titled the Digital Property and Titles Registry Act (DPTRA) was enacted on June 1, 2026 and published in the O...

...pplicability rule, a common exam trap in Civil Law. Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2

An Act titled the Land Titling Modernization Act (LTMA) was enacted on May 8, 2024 and published in the Official Gaze...

...hold date, a common area of confusion in bar exams. Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 2

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 2

An Act titled the Real Property Records Modernization Act (RPRMA) was enacted on November 10, 2023 and published in t...

...nding of Art. 2 and special effectivity provisions. Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2

Cruz owns Lot 9, Block 3. He privately sells it to Santos through a private deed; there is no public instrument or re...

Cruz owns Lot 9, Block 3. He privately sells it to Santos through a private deed; there is no public instrument or registration. Santos takes possession. Later, Cruz conveys the same lot to Ramon by a public instrumen...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 5

Hilda owns a parcel of land. She privately sells it to Omar through a private deed; the deed is not in a public instr...

Hilda owns a parcel of land. She privately sells it to Omar through a private deed; the deed is not in a public instrument and is not registered. Omar has not possessed or registered. Later, Hilda executes a public in...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 5

On April 1, 2009, A executed a private deed of sale transferring Lot 7 to B; the deed was not notarized. B has posses...

...gistration. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine on retroactivity of laws under the Civil Code and state the effect of Article 4 on this statute. (b) Decide whether RPRA’s retroactivity clauses apply to pending applicat...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 4

On March 3, 2016, X sold Parcel A to Y by private deed; the deed was not registered. On April 20, 2024, the Legislatu...

...gistration. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine on retroactivity of laws under the Civil Code and state the effect of Article 4 on RPRA. (b) Decide whether RPRA's retroactivity clauses apply to pending applications and...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 4

On May 1, 2016, Adolfo executed a private deed of sale transferring Lot 27 to Bea; the deed was notarized but not reg...

...gistration. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine on retroactivity of laws under the Civil Code and state the effect of Article 4 on this statute. (b) Decide whether RLTA’s retroactivity clauses apply to pending applicat...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 4

Ramon owns a parcel of land. He privately sells it to Liza through a private deed (no public instrument) and Liza doe...

Ramon owns a parcel of land. He privately sells it to Liza through a private deed (no public instrument) and Liza does not register or take possession. Subsequently, Ramon sells the same parcel to Kai through another...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 5, Property Registration Decree (PD 1529)

Zandra, the owner of Lot No. 12, Block 8, signs a private deed of sale conveying the lot to Niko. The deed is not exe...

Zandra, the owner of Lot No. 12, Block 8, signs a private deed of sale conveying the lot to Niko. The deed is not executed in a public instrument and is not registered; Niko has not taken possession or recorded the ti...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 5