Site Search

Art. 5 of the Civil Code classifies certain rules as mandatory or prohibitory. A privately drafted deed purporting to...

Art. 5 of the Civil Code classifies certain rules as mandatory or prohibitory. A privately drafted deed purporting to convey a parcel of land from A to B is executed, but the law requires that transfers of immovable prop...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 5 (on mandatory and prohibitory laws); Civil Code provisions on the formal requirements for transfers of immovable property (public instrument).

Rosa owns Lot 12 in a barangay. She signs a private deed of sale transferring the lot to Ben. The deed is not in a pu...

Rosa owns Lot 12 in a barangay. She signs a private deed of sale transferring the lot to Ben. The deed is not in a public instrument and is not registered; Ben has not taken possession. Later, Rosa sells the same lot to...

Citations: Civil Code, Art. 5 (mandatory/prohibitory framework), Civil Code provisions on the need for a public instrument and registration for transfers of immovable property (public-instrument rule and its binding effect on third parties)

In 2011, the Supreme Court held that a prescriptive easement over a neighbour’s land is valid and enforceable between...

...ent is not annotated on title. In 2017, a statute requires annotation of prescriptive easements to affect rights against third parties. In 2023, C, not a party to the 2011 decision, seeks to register the 2011 easement ag...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 8

An Act titled the Land Titles Modernization Act (LTMA) was enacted on December 1, 2023 and published in the Official...

...ation Act (LTMA) was enacted on December 1, 2023 and published in the Official Gazette on December 15, 2023. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on February 1, 2024. (b) For purposes of land title applicatio...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2

An Act titled the Data Privacy and Land Registry Act (DPLRA) was enacted on April 1, 2026 and published in the Offici...

...egistry Act (DPLRA) was enacted on April 1, 2026 and published in the Official Gazette on April 7, 2026. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on April 22, 2026 (15 days after publication). (b) For purposes of...

An Act titled the Digital Land Registry Regulation (DLRR) was enacted on August 20, 2024 and published in the Officia...

...Regulation (DLRR) was enacted on August 20, 2024 and published in the Official Gazette on August 28, 2024. The Regulation provides: (a) This Regulation shall take effect on September 15, 2024. (b) For purposes of land ti...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2

An Act titled the Land Titling Modernization Act (LTMA) was enacted on May 8, 2024 and published in the Official Gaze...

...ernization Act (LTMA) was enacted on May 8, 2024 and published in the Official Gazette on May 22, 2024. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on August 15, 2024. (b) For purposes of land title applications, al...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 2

An Act titled the National Land Titles Modernization Act (NLTMA) was enacted on March 1, 2025 and published in the Of...

...ization Act (NLTMA) was enacted on March 1, 2025 and published in the Official Gazette on March 12, 2025. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on May 1, 2025. (b) For purposes of land title applications, all...

Citations: Civil Code, Art. 2

An Act titled the Public Records Modernization Act (PRMA) was enacted on November 20, 2025 and published in the Offic...

...tion Act (PRMA) was enacted on November 20, 2025 and published in the Official Gazette on November 25, 2025. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on February 1, 2026. (b) For purposes of land title applicatio...

Zandra, the owner of Lot No. 12, Block 8, signs a private deed of sale conveying the lot to Niko. The deed is not exe...

...ocused on the core doctrine in Art. 5 about mandatory and prohibitory rules governing property transfers. The scenario uses distinct actors and a different fact pattern to test recognition of a mandatory p...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 5

An Act titled the National Land Registry Modernization Act (NLRMA) was enacted on November 20, 2025 and published in...

...ion Act (NLRMA) was enacted on November 20, 2025 and published in the Official Gazette on November 28, 2025. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on February 1, 2026. (b) For purposes of land title applicatio...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 2

An Act titled the Comprehensive Land Records Modernization Act (CLRMA) was enacted on September 1, 2028 and published...

...ion Act (CLRMA) was enacted on September 1, 2028 and published in the Official Gazette on September 8, 2028. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on October 30, 2028. (b) For purposes of land title applicatio...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 2

An Act titled the Digital Land Registry Modernization Act (DLRMA) was enacted on June 10, 2025 and published in the O...

...ization Act (DLRMA) was enacted on June 10, 2025 and published in the Official Gazette on June 20, 2025. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on August 4, 2025. (b) For purposes of land title applications, al...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 2

An Act titled the Digital Property and Titles Registry Act (DPTRA) was enacted on June 1, 2026 and published in the O...

...Registry Act (DPTRA) was enacted on June 1, 2026 and published in the Official Gazette on June 12, 2026. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on September 5, 2026. (b) For purposes of land title applications...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2

An Act titled the Real Property Records Modernization Act (RPRMA) was enacted on November 10, 2023 and published in t...

...ion Act (RPRMA) was enacted on November 10, 2023 and published in the Official Gazette on November 24, 2023. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on December 24, 2023. (b) For purposes of land title applicati...

Citations: Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2

A Filipino citizen, a medical student named Sara, travels to Spain for internship and commits estafa against a Spanis...

...r the RPC; and the remaining distractors confuse other jurisdictional rules (such as flag-vessel rules or treaty-based limits).

Facts: A Filipino passenger on board a Philippine-registered commercial airliner commits theft from another passenger...

...isdiction as limited to territorial land, rely on place-of-commission rules for airspace, or incorrectly claim the registration is irrelevant or that only certain offenses are extraterritorial.

An Act titled the Comprehensive Land Titles and Public Records Act (CLTPRA) was enacted on May 20, 2025 and published...

...Records Act (CLTPRA) was enacted on May 20, 2025 and published in the Official Gazette on May 28, 2025. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on June 15, 2025. (b) For purposes of land title applications, all...

An Act titled the Digital Certificates and Land Titles Act (DCLTA) was enacted on January 10, 2026 and published in t...

...tles Act (DCLTA) was enacted on January 10, 2026 and published in the Official Gazette on January 18, 2026. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on February 15, 2026. (b) For purposes of land title applicatio...

An Act titled the Electronic Land Title Standardization Act (ELTSA) was enacted on March 18, 2025 and published in th...

...zation Act (ELTSA) was enacted on March 18, 2025 and published in the Official Gazette on March 31, 2025. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on June 9, 2025. (b) For purposes of land title applications, all...

Citations: Civil Code, Art. 2

An Act titled the Geospatial and Public Records Modernization Act (GPRMA) was enacted on December 1, 2024 and publish...

...tion Act (GPRMA) was enacted on December 1, 2024 and published in the Official Gazette on December 6, 2024. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on January 20, 2025. (b) For purposes of land title application...

An Act titled the Geospatial Land Registry Modernization Act (GLRMA) was enacted on November 18, 2025 and published i...

...ion Act (GLRMA) was enacted on November 18, 2025 and published in the Official Gazette on November 24, 2025. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on January 10, 2026. (b) For purposes of land title applicatio...

An Act titled the Integrated Land Titles and Registry Modernization Act (ILTRMA) was enacted on March 15, 2024 and pu...

...ation Act (ILTRMA) was enacted on March 15, 2024 and published in the Official Gazette on March 21, 2024. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on April 30, 2024. (b) For purposes of land title applications, a...

An Act titled the Land Titles Stabilization and Public Records Act (LTSPRA) was enacted on September 5, 2024 and publ...

...ds Act (LTSPRA) was enacted on September 5, 2024 and published in the Official Gazette on September 12, 2024. The Act provides: (a) This Act shall take effect on October 31, 2024. (b) For purposes of land title applicati...